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Political science is typically defined as the systematic study of political life. Political scientists study both the theories of politics and how they actually come to be applied. This is done by examining the human relationships of those involved in the various political processes as well as the fundamental ideals of freedom, equality, power, and justice. Political scientists serve as teachers and advisors, conduct research, and suggest changes in political policy. The area of political science is so large that it is generally divided into smaller fields to allow its students to specialize their knowledge.
Political Theory and Philosophy are studied within the context of history. Political scientists in this field examine the political thoughts of the past by reading the works of famous theorists and philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Aquinas, Machiavelli, Locke, Kant, Marx, and many others. These works help political scientists to understand the forces that shaped modern theories of government and politics.
Comparative Government calls for the comparison of the political institutions and practices of two or more countries. By finding the similarities and differences between them, political scientists can evaluate the effectiveness of different ideas and the influence of circumstance on policy. The levels of government involvement and their benefits or drawbacks as seen by the people are of particular interest.
National Government and Politics are specific to the country being studied. Most political scientists pay particular attention to the government and politics of their own nation as it is generally the easiest to access and has the most effect on the scientist. The study of one's own government can provide a basis of comparison with other governments or a starting point for a program of political change.
Public Administration is the study of how public officials deal with their responsibility and perform the duties required of them. Public administrators must oversee the distribution and accounting of funds, allocation of resources, management of personnel, and projects of the community in which they hold office. Administrators must find ways to balance the needs and desires of the people with the laws and regulations of the government.
International Relations deal with the interaction between the different nations of the world. International law and organization provide a buffer between nations and prevent difficulties by overseeing agreements and assisting in the resolution of problems. Most nations also keep diplomats and ambassadors to work out differences and provide links between countries. Political scientists also study the effects of nationalism and imperialism, as well as isolationism, on the way nations interact with each other. This field deals with the wide range of theories and practices connected with defense policies, espionage, and the politics of war and peace.
Political Behavior is how the people react to political conditions and influences. By studying the political behavior of the voting populace, political scientist can come up with generalizations of what people are likely to support and what they will actively seek from their government. Voter demographics and polling data are the two most important innovations for those studying the election process and have become very useful in the development of voter-specific propaganda.
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